Nicolaus Copernicus initiated the Copernican Revolution. He published a book called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Sphere in which he claimed that the Earth is not the center of the universe and that we, on Earth, do not see the universe from a special perspective. He started the revolution but did not provide evidence which proved Ptolemy’s previous theory wrong.
Tycho Brahe developed the Tychonic system proving the heavenly spheres were not physical objects but mathematical devices. The evidence pointing to this was that comets and planets pass through each other’s spheres. Also, his observations became the basis of Johannes Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.
Johannes Kepler developed a new model including planetary orbits as ellipses.
Galileo Galilei observed the phases of Venus and those of Jupiter’s moons proving that the Moon’s orbit is not uniquely anomalous.
Giordano Bruno was a writer who claimed the universe is unending. He believed that distant stars were suns.
Isaac Newton wrote Philosophiae Naturalis which was physical proof that gravity was the force responsible for the planet’s orbits.
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